International journal of Business Research Dialogue (IJBRD)

Public Hospital Queuing and Queue-Scalping: Evidence from Emergency Departments in Lahore

2025-08-31T09:26:35+00:00

This article explores Queuing and queue-scalping. These are behaviors that exist in the emergency departments (EDs) of Lahore, Pakistan and this study aims to investigate these behaviors. Another major problem in hospital management is queue-scalping, where people will be trying to cut queue system, affecting both the satisfaction of patients and the use of resource by hospitals. Our motivation is to find out the root factors causing queue-scalping and implications on efficiency of the emergency department. This belongs to a quantitative study, as the method of gathering the information is through observation of data in various emergency departments of the public hospitals in the city of Lahore. The aim of the proposed research is to determine how widespread queue-scalping in the Lahore public hospitals is, what kind of factors inform such activity, and how it affects hospital activity and contentment on the part of its clients.500 patients were interviewed to do a survey and healthcare professionals were interviewed as well as observational data collection was done to monitor the movement of the patients in EDs (it lasted 3 months). Statistical analyses will be performed through the utilization of the descriptive statistics, the correlation tests, and regressions. The findings of the study were that about 35 percent of the patients tried to bypass the queue using the informal channels. Long waiting times, failure to communicate satisfactorily with patients and problems perceived to exist in the system were found to be the main motivators of such behavior. The issue raised by queue-scalping implied that other patients had to wait longer and, in turn, this dropped their satisfaction. This paper is the contribution to the science of the queue- scalping behaviors in the public hospitals and the necessity to consolidate the issue, improving the queue management systems. The results indicate that some of the ways to correct this situation involve enhancing communication, making patient workflow more efficient, and maximizing technology. A 500 sample size was taken through the survey of four emergency departments in Lahore and the data has been taken regarding the given sample in a three months period. The amount of patients that took part in queue-scalping behavior was 35 percent and the relationship between the waiting time and queue-jumping was statistically significant (p < 0.05).To ensure that there are fewer inefficiencies in a queue due to queue-scalping, public hospitals need to enhance their queue management systems. The present study is among the earlier studies that have looked at the phenomenon of queue-scalping in the public hospital Emergency Departments in Pakistan and provides information on how to enhance the functioning of Emergency Departments.

Micro-Rebate Schemes in Pakistan’s FMCG Distribution Channels: A Field Experiment with Retailers

2025-08-31T09:26:48+00:00

This paper discusses how micro-rebate schemes used in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry in Pakistan have affected the purchase by retailers and added retailer loyalty. Micro-rebates are in the form of small, per unit incentives to retailers to promote the sale of product. The idea of this research is to determine the effectiveness of such scheme to improve the performance of the retail industry in the emerging market.To examine how retailer behavior is affected by micro-rebate based incentive, a field experiment is achieved in the FMCG market in Pakistan with 150 retailers.The research question that the study aims to address has been defined as follows: How do micro-rebate schemes impact retail performance in the FMCG market in Pakistan?

The treating group and the control group have been randomly chosen among the retailers. The micro-rebates in particular products were given to the treatment group. In the study, the regression analysis method and difference-in-differences (DiD) were applied in measuring the variations in sales and loyalty over the six months period.Retailers that received the micro-rebate scheme increased their sales by 15% and highly improved loyalty as reflected in the repeat orders and longer business careers.In the FMCG industry of Pakistan, micro-rebate schemes are successful in enhancing the sales of retailers and building loyalty. Recent findings have indicated that micro-rebates can be employed by the FMCG companies to help them optimize their distribution chains.

The number of 150 Pakistan retailers will be used to collect the data, which shall be collected during the period January- June 2024.In treatment group, there was an increase of 15 percent of sales. Excessive rise in the loyalty of the retailer (p < 0.05).By using micro-rebates, FMCG businesses can enhance their sales and build a better relationship between them and the retailers. The paper will add value to the comprehension of micro-rebate programs in emerging economies such as the Pakistani marketplace, which can be helpful to the knowledge base of FMCG companies investing in them.

CARBON SURCHARGES ON AIR TRAVEL BUDGETS: PEER VISIBILITY EFFECTS IN PAKISTANI MULTINATIONALS

2025-08-31T09:27:07+00:00

The paper analyses the effects of carbon surcharges to the budgets of air travelling in multinational corporations in Pakistan, by going to peer visibility effect. it is aimed that the paper will determine how the visibility of the cost of carbon emission to its competitors in the corresponding industry will affect the decisions made by firms on the distribution of its resources on the aspect of travelling. The research is a quantitative study and it makes use of archived corporate data and survey data. This question is going to be answered by the study: what influence has the peer visibility of carbon surcharges on the way that the Pakistani multinationals allocate their air traveling budgets i.e., are the firms that face the peer pressure more likely to tighten their overspending or is it going to become more efficient? The study relied on the application of cross-sectional approach to survey since it involved survey interviews through questionnaire administration to 120 managers in different multi-national corporations that are established in Pakistan. The results of the research were acquired on transparency of carbon surcharge, travel policy of corporations, and budget funding approach. It was with the help of the regressive models that the statistical analysis of the hypotheses was conducted. The results pointed out that the relationship between peer visibility and degrading budgeted air travels due to interconnectedness of carbon surcharges was high. More specifically, the constituent firms with larger exposure towards peer visibility (i.e., those which pertain to more competitive industries) were likely to maintain low travelling costs. The research contributes to the understanding of environment and financially decision making of companies with the corollaries that the peer visibility is a necessity to establish how the corporation is going to respond to environmental cost such as carbon surcharges. The given work is the first one which succeeded in analysing the phenomenon of peer visibility in the area of the carbon surcharges on the travel stipends in the context of Pakistani multinational firms.

Optimal Failure Tolerance in Pakistani Corporate Venture Portfolios: Patent Output versus Investor Scrutiny

2025-08-31T09:27:20+00:00

This article analyses the relationship between level of failure tolerance of venture portfolio of the companies with patent output in the case of companies in Pakistan. In particular, it evaluates the effect of investor attention on patent creation, the most crucial sign of innovation, in corporate ventures. Investor supervision is an essential factor to ensure that there is a balance between risk management and promotion of innovation, especially in emerging economies such as Pakistan. It is an archival, cross-sectional research analysis based on the quantitative research of Pakistani corporate ventures engaging in patenting activity between 2016 and 2021. The study examines the role of investor attention volatility in affecting patent output, that is, specifically how tolerance of a corporate portfolio to failure effects patent output. The research examined 100 company ventures in a number of industries. The analyzing variables were the investor reports and governance structures to determine the degree of investor scrutiny and the portfolio diversification and risk-adjusted returns to measure the tolerance of losses. The methodology carried out regression analysis to statistically test the correlation value between failure tolerance and patent output. The results show that failure tolerance has a positive relationship with patent output but investor scrutiny comes in between them. The result of increased level of scrutiny is reduced tolerance to failure which, in turn, decreases the level of patent production in the corporations. The research reveals the significance of the optimal interaction between the investor interest and the level of permitting failure especially in other markets. Innovation can be encouraged by tolerance of failure, and failure due diligence can limit the act of risk-taking and depress the level of patent corporate venture.

SABBATICAL POLICIES AND TURNOVER INTENTIONS: A FIVE-YEAR COHORT STUDY OF SENIOR KNOWLEDGE WORKERS

2025-08-31T09:27:34+00:00

This paper analyses the effects that sabbatical leave policy has on senior leave intentions of knowledge workers on high skilled sectors, IT, healthcare, and academia. The most important goal is to understand whether these policies have the potential to decrease the turnover intentions through the alleviation of burnout and work-life balance enhancement. A cohort study was done which was spread out over five years and 500 senior knowledge workers were surveyed. SEM was employed to evaluate the nature of the correlation between sabbatical and turnover intentions, and especially what factors mediated them. Findings showed the number of expected turnover intentions to be reduced by 15 percent in case of implementing the sabbatical policies. The two major mediators of this effect were improvement of work-life balance (beta = -0.45, p < 0.05) and reduction of burnout (beta = -0.32, p < 0.05). This result indicates that sabbatical leave can be of great value in retaining the employees especially in the high-stress situations. The paper notes the significance of the sabbatical leave policies as a retention mechanism in industries where the concept staff burnout and work-life imbalance are the norm. Contributing to the increased knowledge of the potential of sabbatical to enhance working conditions and decrease the turnover rate, the research is relevant to the overall knowledge regarding the impact of sabbatical.